Unique quantum-mechanical interactions between electrons and topological defects in concentrated objects.

An international team, led by EPFL scientists, has revealed a unique quantum-mechanical interaction between electrons and topological defects in concentrated objects that have been recognized only by atomic layers of atoms formed. This practice can also be reproduced by the native defects of large-scale lab-magnified crystals, making future investigations of Kondo systems and quantum electrical equipment easily accessible.

An international team, led by EPFL scientists, has revealed a unique quantum-mechanical interaction between electrons and topological defects in concentrated objects that have been recognized only by atomic layers of artificially engineered atoms. This practice can also be reproduced by the native defects of large-scale lab-magnified crystals, making future investigations of Kondo systems and quantum electrical equipment easily accessible.

The structures of technologically interesting objects often arise from the shortcomings of their atomic structure. For example, changing the visual characteristics of rubies with chrome inclusions has helped to improve lasers, while the nitrogen space in diamonds paves the way for applications such as quantum magnetometers. Even in the metallurgical industry, the degradation of the atomic scale as a dispersion enhances the strength of forged metal.

Another manifestation of the atomic scale degradation is the Kondo effect, which affects metal structures by dispersing and reducing electrons and altering the flow of electrical energy in them. This Kondo effect was first observed in very few magnetic fields, e.g. gold with a few parts per million metal inserted. When refined magnetic atoms align all the electrons orbiting them, this reduces the flow of electrical current inside the object, evenly across all surfaces.

As described by natural scientist Jun Kondo in 1964, the subject has seen a number of reactions, and today the effect is reflected in many systems, from carbon nanotubes to superconductors.

A new perspective

Now, a team led by Professor Laszlo Forró of the EPFL, has published a paper with a new perspective on the Kondo effect, made possible by the use of state-of-the-art measuring equipment and available microfabrication technology.

Scientists are investigating the effect of magnetic field, which is responsible for the disintegration of Kondo, which is produced by small atomic planes in a horizontal plane. Because of thermodynamics, smaller planes take on unusual atomic configurations.

Such damage is not magnetic, but at low temperatures the electrons regulate their own rotation within the inactive layers producing a local magnetic element within the material.

To date this configuration has only been created and studied by separate and customized samples by hand-packed thin layers of atomic material or by the expensive technology of molecular beam epitaxy where materials are created atom-by-atom at its highest level. vacuum.

The study used a new method of Focused Ion Beam microfabrication developed by Professor Philip Moll and his team at the EPFL, which allows for the first experimental evidence of anomaly in electrical transport.

The discovery that such phenomena can be produced by indigenous disabilities, opens up a new and more accessible way to test quantum-specific interactions in materials, which may improve access and transfer to technological solutions.

'Use a magnetic field and see what happens'

"When we first saw the inefficiencies in electronics, we were always confused," said Edoardo Martino, the first author of the study. "Objects behaved like ordinary metal. Electrons flying in a plane, but when forced to fly between aircraft their behavior was neither metal nor protective, nor was it clear what else to expect. see what happens. "

After using magnetic force, EPFL scientists realized that when the magnetic field is strong enough, the behavior of the material becomes unusual. They began experimenting with 14 Tesla magnets (460,000 times the Earth magnetic field) found in the EPFL, but soon realized they needed more.

In collaboration with the Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses in Grenoble and Toulouse, they have reached some of the world's most powerful magnets. The collaboration produced up to 34 Tesla tests in stationary conditions and up to 70 Tesla pulses a few milliseconds.

"My first guess was that a new kind of Kondo effect, although we did not introduce magnetic variants in the crystal," said Konstantin Semeniuk, a scientist working on the study.

"When we completed our investigation, the result was clear," Martino said. "Minor atomic defects create a kind of magnetic wall on the backbone that other electrons are trying to fall into. Revealing the source of Kondo's effect has shown that thermodynamics can do great wonders. atoms with electronic microscopy, local magnetic fields, and new quantum simulations to understand the formation and impact of these disturbances on hidden objects. "

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